Bollywood Film Essay

The advancement of innovation has caused different changes in the various parts of the general public. One of the most recognizable changes is as far as the wellspring of diversion for a great many people. These days, dominant part of the individuals are keen on watching motion pictures. They will in general get the fulfillment out of taking a gander at on-screen characters and entertainers assume different jobs. Films likewise depict various subjects that could be centered around sentiment, activities, loathsomeness, sci-fi, and others. The fuss for films likewise made ready for the achievement and fame of various artists, for example, those in Bollywood. Bollywood for the most part make motion pictures that include the idea of Scopophilia, which actually implies the â€Å"love of viewing. † This term is likewise interchangeable with voyeurism that relates to the experience of sexual delight by methods for watching others stealthily. More often than not, the object of such sort of want is somebody who is stripped or occupied with a sexual action. The fundamental thought in the idea of scopophilia is that the person who is looking or peeping doesn't interface with the individual being watched. In a similar way that film seeing additionally holds fast to such practice on the grounds that the crowd watches the exercises of the individuals on the screen, who are ignorant that they are being watched. More often than not, producers would utilize sexual scenes so as to fulfill the feeling of scopophilia inside an individual. In any case, they could get around it by highlighting a pure lady in the plot of the story. In this sense, the movie producers are really making a harmony between a lady who effectively participates in sexual action and another female who speaks to the moderate benefit of being pure. This is extraordinarily perceptible in Shri 420, wherein it shows two ladies that were connected with the primary character Raj, Vidya the righteous lady and Maya the steamy seductress. The film shows suggestive scenes particularly those including Maya. By and by, they had the option to pull off it in light of the contention that these scenes are significant so as to show the distinction of Maya from Vidya. Thusly, sensual scenes were seen to have a significant reason in the plot of the story to have the option to recognize the sorts of ladies that exist. This likewise represents the distinction of the great and the terrible that is appeared in the film, wherein Raj was with Vidya when he was all the while carrying on with an ethically upstanding life however later on enticed by Maya when he was occupied with criminal operations. The conversations above show that scopophilia is really the primary thought behind the very idea of film viewing. Movie producers for the most part utilize suggestive scenes so as to fulfill this sort of want inside an individual. By the by, suggestive scenes additionally have a significant part in the film as it will in general recognize the upstanding life from the unscrupulous one by utilizing ladies as models.

Innovative Technology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inventive Technology - Personal Statement Example The contrast between executing inside and remotely is that, in interior usage, the innovation is structured inside to fit the association needs however in outside usage, you need to consider a current innovation that will meet the necessary needs of the association. In the two issues, assets and backing, and expenses are a significant thought. While assessing an inside executed innovation, you have to think about the proposed reason for the innovation, the period it has been set up, the expense brought about in usage, and reaction from clients. This is to help with recognizing if the innovation has filled the planned need by fulfilling the association and client desires. It additionally helps in money saving advantage examination to decide if the development innovation has quantifiable profits and in the event that it merited putting resources into it (Kozma, 2003). When securing an imaginative innovation remotely, an association needs to think about different components. Evaluating, which is the essential inspiration and ought to get the most ideal, regardless of whether the imminent seller is adaptable in their methodology, capacity to comprehend what is required and brief answer by the merchant, and capability and experience of those conveying everyday activities. Unwavering quality and soundness of merchant are additionally significant variables of thought. The motivation behind why the above elements ought to be considered is to have the option to recognize the potential in the supplier of the innovation meet your strove for objectives and requirements (Kozma,

Missing First-Year Documents - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Missing First-Year Documents - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Missing First-Year Documents Our office is at the point where we have caught up with the mail, the electronic documents, and the checking of our holding files for other matching materials. Over the next week or so, we will continue to match up materials that have just come in with freshman files, as well as do a thorough review of our holding files to make sure we did not miss any items that came in prior to the application being submitted, or that has a slightly different name then the one we have (hyphenated names, Jim instead of James, etc.). We will also continue to take in test scores until the January 28 SAT results are sent to us. Remember, all SAT/ACT scores MUST be sent to UGA electronically by the testing agency, as we do not take them from a paper copy, a transcript or any other document. While saying this, I would suggest that if you are missing any required items for your application, you need to have them sent to us ASAP. This includes the application fee, SAT/ACT (with writing) scores, HS transcripts, school evaluations, and teacher recommendations. The online school evaluation and teacher recommendation forms are still open, and will be open for about 1 more week. In addition, if your teacher believes they have submitted an online teacher recommendation more than a few days ago, and it is still not showing, we suggest they mail in a recommendation letter, as some HS email systems have firewall issues with some forms. In addition, if you submitted a GA411 transcript and it is not showing up in our system, just request a new one, as maybe 1% of these transcripts have an issue at times in downloading. We do not control the GA411 site, but we try our best to make it work (I just found about 30 transcripts from the same date , 1/9 , that had an issue downloading from GA411 and imported them one by one). We know that applicants cannot always control school documents and when they are sent, so this is why we give some leeway to these items in relationship to our deadlines. But at a certain point, we need to move forward with the applicants who have completed their files, so make sure to take care of any missing items now if you have not already. Oh, and by the way, do NOT fax any official documents, as they will be shredded. Go Dawgs!

Effect of Oligopoly on Economy - 1549 Words

OLIGOPOLY INTRODUCTION In this topic the oligopoly form of market is studied. You will learn that fewness of firms in a market results in mutual interdependence. The fear of price wars is verified with the help of the kinked demand curve. Collusive forms and non-collusive forms of market are analyzed. The economic effect of the oligopoly form of market is presented. OLIGOPOLY CHARACTERISTICS The oligopoly form of market is characterized by - a few large dominant firms, with many small ones, - a product either standardized or differentiated, - power of dominant firms over price, but fear of retaliation, - technological or economic barriers to become a dominant firm, - extensive use of nonprice competition because of the fear of price†¦show more content†¦Such a concerted and deliberate action is the form of collusion which is prohibited. OLIGOPOLY PROFIT The profit of firms in oligopoly is determined exactly in the same fashion as in other forms of markets: from optimum quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, price is determined on the demand curve and unit cost on the average total cost curve. However, this determination may be affected by the kinked demand curve. Furthermore, in a collusive oligopoly, all the firms act as if they constituted one monopoly and the output is divided up among firms. OPEC acts as a monopoly by restricting output of its members with quotas. Each member shares in the profits of the would-be monopoly, but does not set price and output independently. CARTEL A cartel is an official agreement between several firms in an oligopoly. The agreement sets the price all firms will charge and often specifies quotas or market shares of the various firms. Cartels are illegal in most countries of the world. OPEC is a major example of a cartel. It exists because it is beyond the control of an individual country. OPEC is naturally the prototype of a successful cartel. Output quotas of its members produced staggering price increases (from $1.10 to $11.50 per barrel in the early 1970s, and up to $34.00 in the late 1970s: an increase of 3400% in ten years). Recent OPEC difficulties are also characteristic of cartels: newShow MoreRelated The Main Categories of Market Structures Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesessay based on three questions divides into 3 parts to explain and evaluate the questions. This essay (PART A) outlines the main categories of market structures, and shows the theoretical features of two of them, i.e. Perfect Competition and Oligopoly. This essay (PART B) evaluates upon the most relevant structure in regard to the UK supermarket industry. This essay (PART C) shows the implications for the UK supermarket industry of the Morrison to take over Safeway. Additionally, inRead MoreMarket Structures Of The Market1198 Words   |  5 Pagesvirtues. Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist economy, and varying degrees of competition lead to different market structures, with differing implications for the outcomes of the market place. This entry will discuss the following market structures that result from the successively declining degrees of competition in the market for a particular commodity. These elements are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Based on the differing outcomes of differentRead MoreMarket Structure and Analysis 996 Words   |  4 PagesThere are a few different market structures, competitive market, monopolies, and oligopolies. 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In many cases, monopolies arise becauseRead MoreMaximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper1129 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors such as: the ways in which these firms are alike or different, and the obstacles that exist in any new firms entering that market. In this repo rt I will discuss Competitive Markets, Monopolies, and Oligopolies. I will point out what role each of the market structure play in the economy. This report will list the characteristics of each market structure. I will share how the price is determined in each market structure in terms of maximizing profits. This report will share how the output isRead MoreConditions and Consequences of a Price War.1402 Words   |  6 Pagesmany reasons for which a price war may occur, in all cases the reason for starting the price war is different but the reason for its continuation is not to lose sales. They are when a firm attempts to maximise capacity, for survival purposes, in oligopoly markets, where there are homogeneous products and when a firm adopts a penetrative pricing strategy. Excess capacity refers to a situation where a firm is producing at a lower scale of output than it has been designed for Excess capacity http://statsRead MoreEconomic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure1715 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction 1a. Article Summary In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of aRead MoreMarket Structure Of An Economics Perspective Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesperfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Economist assembled the four market structures into two groups; perfectly competitive market and imperfectly competitive market, which are vastly distinct when it come to the different market competitions that need to be satisfied. A major issue for existing firms in some market structures is the entry of new competitors, and this is because of the potentially unfavorable effects new participants might have on the market s realRead MoreDifferent Types Of Market Structures1413 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes near impossible entry and no substitute goods. Two more common market structures are monopolistic competition and oligopoly. Monopolistic competition has a large number of sellers producing different products, while an oligopoly has only a few number of sellers producing similar products. All in all pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly are all unique market structures with differing characteristics, but have one main goal, profit maximization. A pure competitionRead MoreThe Monopoly And Monopoly Industry1565 Words   |  7 Pages Has the economy ever thought about direct impact from monopoly and oligopoly industries? The structure of a monopoly based industry exemplifies one seller in the entire market. On the other hand, the concept of an oligopoly industry illustrates few sellers that have the potential of making a direct impact in one single industry idea. The economy has depended on the market share of a monopoly and an oligopoly trade. However, a monopoly industry differs from an oligopoly industry due to a monopoly

WW DBQ Free Essays

Additionally, the Triple Entente expended about 1 00 million pounds and est. mated about 225 million during the year of the war (Doc C). The two alliances spent a large ammo nut on their militia for several reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on WW DBQ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foremost, if one country used money to make thee r military power erupts others, the neighboring provisions felt compelled to do the same, an d perhaps even exceed the surrounding nations in order to not become underdeveloped com pared to the rest. For example, Below of Germany announced that, â€Å"We don’t ever want to become ‘the slaves of humanity. † (Doc D) Moreover, as the countries with more powerful militaries became increasingly more dominant, smaller countries, such as Germany, were forced to make a decision to become â€Å"a hammer or an anvil† (Doc D) and soon focused on strengthening g their defense and opposing British power, all of which they could not do without multiplying mill tart costs (Doc C). This alarmed the largest countries and due to the fact that they possessed a prepared force and a stock of arms, the leaders refused to seek more a more reasonable late ruminative in favor of Anonymous. â€Å"Militarism. † Dictionary. Com, 2014. Web, 14 Deck 2014. Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Militarism war. By the time World War I began in 1914, all of Europe was modernized an d troops fully prepared as a result Of the armaments race and militarism. How to cite WW DBQ, Papers

The Taxation Ruling of TR- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Advise Rob and Jane on the tax implications, if any of the trust that is intended to be set up for their two sons. Clearly explain and support your arguments with reference to legislation. Answer: A trustee is usually held lawfully accountable for the functioning of trust. The trustee can be either an individual or company and the profits derived from the trust usually goes to the beneficiaries. The taxation ruling of TR 2006/14 states down the consequences of granting the life span right of dwelling in the property (Cao et al., 2015). The ruling also provides the capital gains tax consequences that is associated at the time of creating the life time and remaining trust interest in the property. As it has been observed from the current situation of Rob and Jane with the remaining amount of money from the sale of partnership business they plan to set up the trust for their two sons with Rob acting as the trustee of the trust. It is worth mentioning that the consequences of capital gains tax are usually different from the equal life and that of the lawful life in the property. The legal ownership of the trust asset that is held for beneficial life interest along with the legal person acting as the representative of the deceased estate where the estate of the deceased is necessary held on trust for the purpose of giving life time benefit and the remainder owners (Braithwaite, 2017). If the trust is set up over the actual asset with the help of medium declaration and at the time of reaching settlement it results in CGT event under section 104-55. In the existing scenario of Rob and Jane the setting up of trust results in CGT event under section 104-55 and trustee are generally held accountable for the administration of the tax affairs relating to trust (Snape De Souza, 2016). The trustee is also responsible for management and filing of tax returns together with the payment of tax. The trustee in the current scenario Rob can make capital gains and losses derived from the CGT event resulting from the original asset after the trust is set up and is held under the trust for life interest for their two sons. Any kind of capital gains or losses that is made from the trust by the trustee shall be considered while working out the net capital gains or loss of the trustee. In accordance with the subsection 95 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 capital gains will be subjected to inclusion in the net income of the trust. The capital gains are subjected tax compliance in agreement with subdivision of 115-C (Barkoczy, 2016). In agreement with the present context of Rob being the trustee of the trust set up by him for his sons the capital gains derived by him shall be subjected to included in the net earnings of Rob. In agreement with the sub-section (95) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 the net income derived by the trustee from the trust shall be taken into the consideration for the purpose of tax under subsection of 115-C. Reference List: Barkoczy, S. (2016). Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Braithwaite, V. (Ed.). (2017).Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Cao, L., Hosking, A., Kouparitsas, M., Mullaly, D., Rimmer, X., Shi, Q., ... Wende, S. (2015). Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes.Treasury WP,1. Snape, J., De Souza, J. (2016).Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge

Analysis of Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney Essay Example

Analysis of Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney Paper Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break In Seamus Heaney’s poem â€Å"Mid-Term Break† one is misled by the title which normally would bring to mind parties, frivolous activities, and a much needed break from classes.The writer immediately extinguishes these thoughts as the college sick bay is mentioned (Heaney, 1).Heaney does not use rhyming or specific sentence structure but still manages to draw a strong reaction message from his readers.The reader is shocked by the last line as it reveals the death of a child, the emotionless reaction to this death, and the injustice of a young life gone forever. Although at first it seems as if the reader could perhaps be sick himself we quickly learn that the school bells sound to him as if they were â€Å"bells knelling† (2) which are often associated with a death toll or funeral procession.This immediately sets the tone of something far more tragic. The death of a young child has occurred, although it is not yet known the relationship between the reader and the deceased.There is no mention of grieving or emotion but the tone is very somber as the reader is confronted with various family members and friends in many states of grieving. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the eldest child the reader feels he is expected to behave or react a certain way.His family and friends are openly emotional and upset at the needless death of the young child.The reader puts on a brave face as he feels a duty to his family to remain strong.It is tragically implied by this phrase â€Å"away at school† (12) that if he had been home the accident would have never occurred.The tremendous pressure of unspoken criticism has to be overwhelming and yet another reason to dampen the reader’s emotions although the grief he felt must have been great.

The French Verb Conjugations of Bouger (to Move)

The French Verb Conjugations of Bouger (to Move) The French verb  bouger  is one of the many ways to say to move. It is a rather easy verb to conjugate, though there is a spelling change that you will want to watch out for. The Many Ways to Say to Move in French The English to move can take on many different meanings depending on the context. It can mean to move something, to move your home or yourself, or even to move someone emotionally. In French, there is a separate verb for all of these instances and some are rather specific. The subject of this lesson is bouger. Specifically, this means to move as in to budge, stir, or shift. Explore these other French verbs and make sure you choose the correct to move to relay your true meaning. dà ©mà ©nager  - to move housetransporter - to transportremuer and à ©mouvoir - to disturb or stirmarcher - to walkjouer - to playdescendre - to descendavancer - to advanceprogresser - to progressinciter - to encourage The Spelling Changes in Conjugating  Bouger Bouger  is a  spelling change verb. Its an easy one to conjugate when you understand how and why the spelling changes. Typically, in French verbs that end in -er, the  nous  present tense (for example) would drop the -er  and add -ons. If we did that with a word that ends with -ger, the G would have a hard sound. We really want to retain that soft G pronunciation, so an E is added before the O or an A. This applies to a few of the conjugations below. Also, all verbs that end in -ger  follow this rule. The Simple Conjugations of  Bouger Beyond that minor spelling change,  bouger  is a relatively straightforward verb to conjugate. This is required so the verb matches the subject and the present, future, or past tense. The chart will help you learn the  bouger  conjugations. Pair the subject pronoun the  je, tu, nous, etc. with the proper tense. For instance, I move is je bouge and we will move is nous bougerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je bouge bougerai bougeais tu bouges bougeras bougeais il bouge bougera bougeait nous bougeons bougerons bougions vous bougez bougerez bougiez ils bougent bougeront bougeaient The Present Participle of  Bouger The  present participle  of bouger  is bougeant. While we would normally drop the E when adding the -ant  ending, this is another instance of that necessary spelling change.   Not only is this a verb, but it can act as an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Passà © Composà © of  Bouger Other than the imperfect, you can also express the past tense of  bouger  using the  passà © composà ©. To do so, you must conjugate  avoir, which is an  auxiliary or helping  verb. You will also use the  past participle  of bougà ©. With those two elements, the conjugation is easy. For I moved, the French is jai bougà © and we moved is  nous avons bougà ©. More  Bouger Conjugations The present, future, and past tense conjugations should be the focus of your French studies at first. As you progress, you may also find the following conjugations useful. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the act of moving is in some way questionable or dependent. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily reserved for writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je bouge bougerais bougeai bougeasse tu bouges bougerais bougeas bougeasses il bouge bougerait bougea bouget nous bougions bougerions bougemes bougeassions vous bougiez bougeriez bougetes bougeassiez ils bougent bougeraient bougrent bougeassent To express  bouger  in short, assertive commands or requests you will use the imperative verb form. When doing so, there is no need to include the subject pronoun as it is implied in the verb. Instead of nous bougeons, you can simplify it to bougeons. Imperative (tu)                 bouge (nous)        Ã‚  bougeons (vous)           bougez

Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Autobiography - Essay Example one brother and one sister. I am the eldest of all my siblings. Starting from the days of my childhood I always had a keen interest in education and that is the reason I decided to pursue some degree to achieve a successful career. Born in Mongolia we never were modern enough to know about a lot of things in the modern world and that is why I had to face several difficulties when I moved from Mongolia. My childhood was a pleasant journey for me as I gained a lot of knowledge during my childhood. After reaching an age of twenty one me and my parents moved over to the United States but had to face several problems because of the new culture that we found here. Now after living here for five years I have become used to this culture and consider myself an important part of USA. My childhood was filled with good memories about my parents and siblings as we used to live together happily as a family. My siblings were always nice to me and had my support in whatever problem that they faced i n their life. As I was the eldest of my siblings I had to take some responsibilities whenever it came to my siblings. I was very possessive about my sister and brother when they were young and solved a lot of problems that they were going through in their childhood. Once my brother was being bullied by his classmates and someone told me about it. I ran to the scene and a fight broke out between the bullies and my friends after which they never even talked to my brother. My sister has always been a powerful figure in life and has solved her problems by herself. She has been quite competitive in her class and is the best amongst us in studies. I started studying when I was at the age of six years. I joined Mongolian Russian joint school to complete my high school. During my school life I had to go through a lot of ups and downs. I was interested in sports and joined the school team of basketball. While I contributed to the sports of my school I also worked hard for my studies and was good in the subjects of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. I was involved in other activities while I was studying for my high school. After I entered high school I started modelling and went to the competitions of modelling. Although I could not win I learned quite a few things and had exposure in the new arena of modelling. Ever since I entered high school I learned about the concept of diversity. In my class I had many students who belonged to different countries and spoke different languages. Seeing these people I developed a keen interest in their languages and decided to increase my knowledge in the subject of diversity. Ever since my high school I have been interested in learning about new cultures and have gained much about the concept of diversity. Multilingual classrooms proved to be somewhat helpful for me in gaining different concepts. As I developed a keen interest in learning about new culture I also visited several places in Russia and China. Seeing the people over t here at first I got a bit confused as the people living in China and Russia followed different traditions. After viewing their traditions and culture I researched on them and found quite interesting things about them. Visiting China and Russia increased my knowledge about their history which I previously was unknown about. All these points have counted for me so that I can understand life in a better way. I completed my high school at the age of 16 and struggled ahead to complete my educational career. Life in itself is an experience for every

Introduction to Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Political Science - Assignment Example This system of check and balance is effectual via the Congressional Oversight as far as the Congress is concerned. The functions of Congress Oversight dictate its benefits. These include the following; increase in government accountability and increase in the degree of toughness in the queries taken from officers of the public. In this way, constructive decisions are reached. Undoubtedly, the Congress Oversight is a tremendous help in guaranteeing that all the governing bodies do not violate the legislative principles. The Congress is accountable for preserving the well being and safety of the people. Its fundamental role lies in serving as a representative party for the people of America, as supported by the Oversight of the Congress. An example is negotiating with agencies according to their constituents’ welfare. This means the rights of the people of America are safeguarded. The Watergate scandal inquiry serves as an example (Liebovich 333). This power can be exercised in a biased manner because if a particular party directs Congress, it might not use its oversight power to monitor and supervise events that benefit the party. This may affect the interests of the people of America and generate detrimental responses. ... Congress has impeachment powers. Impeachment permits the governing body to hold the civil officers responsible for committing transgressions. However, the legislature is not authorized to carry on trials or terminate the civil officers for malfeasance. The upper house has the obligation to conduct the entire trial section of the impeachment and the lower house has the responsibility to conduct the accusation. The congress can exercise the power of impeachment over the executive branch. Andrew Johnson, the 17th President, is an example. He was held accountable by 35 senators and was prosecuted in his office. The United States President, Richard Nixon was held responsible for the Watergate Scandal that took place during 1974. He decided to resign from his presidency instead of experiencing impeachment at the hand of the congress. During 1998, the President of the United States, Bill Clinton became the next president after Nixon to be impeached by the United States Senate. Later on, the Senate found him innocent. President of the United States has the power to represent the state, he is the one who is supposed to meet the heads of other countries and visit other countries and represent United States in other countries. The President is even entitled to executive powers, this allows him to run the nation and control the operations of the federal government. President has the power to accept and reject the bill forwarded to him by the congress; this power is recognized as legislative power. He has the power to appoint different officers for different public positions, his duties even include managing foreign affairs such as dealing with presidents of other nations and he even has the power to take emergency measures if necessarily

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay Social issues and public policy topics were, traditionally, managed by states through a central regulatory agenda consisting of bureaucracies and governmental domestic legislation. However, this setting-standards approach has presented some deficiencies which, from 1980s on, led to a research towards the development of new policy rationale. Among those who underlined and examined the shift away from the state as the sole actor in political and economical decisions is Martin Janiche in his book State Failure, The Impotence of politics in Industrial Society. The given book reflects the highly discussed topic of the relationship between state and market. In specific, it deals with the failure of politics, as far as decision making is concerned, to take and implement decisions that run counter to the prevailing trend(M. Janiche, 1990: x). During the 1980s the policies of industrialized states shifted towards a non-governmental regulation of the economy. State centered management of economy was gradually replaced by the privatization of the production of public goods and services as well as the deregulation of price controls and entry restrictions. Thus, international bodies and international organizations as well as private actors assumed a different, far more influent role in the new modes of decision making. This gradual mutation led to state failure and to a kind of a need to redefine states responsibilities towards more direction and organization policies rather than preventive measures.( ). Janicke refers to state failure providing useful explanation of the term through a lucid formation of a theory which links to market failure (32). Afterwards, he focuses on puclic health sector, the protection of the environment and the transport and energy policy in order to provide more concrete examples of the domains that the state fails to prove effectiveness. His argumentation proceeds with state failure as state indebtedness and its causes since 1970 (78). A critical question presented in this chapter is whether or not the welfare state costs too much (Ch.7). Then, the author devotes two chapters of his book in order to identify two processes that cause state failure. That is the superindustrialism as a phenomenon of capitalism appeared after the post-war boom and the tank syndrome which as a term (to be analyzed below) refers to states and politics losing their ability to regulate. He also makes remarks about the state failure within a scientific socialism framework, that is state failure from a socialist perspective derived from the Soviet-type communist countries of Eastern Europe. Last but not least, the author chose to conclude his work referring to political science as methodological analysis. This final chapter actually mirrors his choice for a realistic analysis of problem-oriented political science referring at the same time to key concepts particularly used throughout the book such as, agents, the concept of power, interests as motives for decision, the correlation between crises and development and the concept of strategy as calculated decisions. We shall now proceed in some key concepts presented by the author in the book that practically reflect the essence of Janickes work. The principal notion that consists a key element in understanding the authors points is the power accumulation process.This notion is directly linked to crises generation. The impotence of politics in times of crisis has as an outcome the insecurity of power and, thus, desmlantilng power potentially can have a positive outcome (131). The author distinguishes 5 ways of dismantling power; By decentralization, by countervailing power from above, from below, from outside and from within (131). If any fruitful result could occur then it would happen within the power from within framework, in more simple words citizens are those who can intervene against the state failure and the market pressure. In this sense, the book provides some revolutionary implications that can lead to political reform movements in a universal scale. However, this suggestion rests upo n the reader to elaborate, confirm or reject. The use of the term power is omnipresent as it is directly or indirectly connected to governments, politics and states. However, power also has to do with other sectors such as bureaucracy, industry, the media and the industrial organization. As the roots of the problem are located in the industrial structure it would be a vacuum not to refer to the role of the state in the industrial system. Indeed, the author devotes a whole chapter (the first one) in order to give a definition of the industrial system and the state as well as to examine the power relations that lie in both of them. Both terms of evonomic and political state failure provide a practical beginning of the text as the reader has the opportunity to familiarize with terms that will be widely used. Economic state failure equals the failure of the state to supply a country with public goods that are too higly priced and too low in quality (1). Political state failure means a chronic inability to take decisions widely agreed to be necessary (1). The problem actually starts when politicians fail to fulfill their duty and to serve the cause for which they were elected in the first place. So, state failure derives, in a primal level, from within the same structure of a state and its representatives. However, the problem is far more complex for the author to rest only upon that. He goes further with his argumentation including industrialization and bureaucratization as processes of power accumulation that, in a distorted way, evolved from being indices of social progress to generating a list of problems that affect the social well being and the advancement of society. Bureaucracy and industry are correlated as the first one is pervading in politics and the second one in economy. The bureaucratization problem has to do with the sizes of administrations and the controllability of state machineries. The important question posed here is to what extent are bureaucracies capable to correspond efficiently to problems. Clearly, the beaurocratic centralization has failed to provide for viable social solutions and that is why the author suggests a drift towards more decentralized solutions for problems. Trying to provide a functional, multi-leveled, definition of the state, Janiche distinguishes four functions; the regulatory, the legitimation, the infrastructure and the nuisance abatement function. The regulatory function is connected to the economic agents and the increasing demand for regulation by the state which, if not achieved, will lead to the unpredictability of the economic activity (8). The legitimation function concerns the decision-makers and their responsibility to make accurate decisions and avoid the failure of bureaucracy. Both the infrastructure and the nuisance abatement function have to do with two of the most fundamental economic functions of the state linked to economic growth (9). After having determined the fundamental functions of the state the author demonstrates their non-applicability via the state failure theory. In a nutshell, the state failure theory emphasizes in states reduced regulation capacity. According to Janicke, states have a small capacity for political intervention and they are functionally ineffective and economically inefficient in settling domestic problems. The theory of state failure is closely related to the theory of market failure as the first came as a response of the latter (31). A very thorough argumentation proves he interconnection and the interaction of those two theories. Indeed, the state failure theory was a response to the market failure theory which was based on the incapacity of market to satisfy certain types of demands that state, on the other hand, would be the most appropriate to correspond( for example the demands for law and education). Therefore, when the state needs to intervene and correct market failure but fail s in doing so, we have a clear image of how the theory works. Janicke makes a considerable remark about bureaucracy. He argues that the proliferating bureaucracy is only a side-effect of the non-effectiveness of a state a not the cause. One of the causes lies, as mentioned above, in market economy. This is the first paradox in the theory of state failure. Overall there are five paradoxes. In the second one he claims that even though state fails in many tasks it still remains an economic actor since it manages to receive incomes-though short-term- in problematic areas of industrial society (35). The third paradox that state failure generates is the claim that the more money spent on fixing problems caused by the industrial sector the less the interest in taking preventing action before the problem emerges (35). The fourth one is connected to the previous paradox. That is, the less preventive action by the state equals more expensive activity for resolving the problem, so the need for more taxes is increased. The last paradox is the antithesis be tween quantity and quality in the state. Huge budgets dont necessarily mean political power. Even though the reasoning is logically acceptable, some examples would have made his theory more accurate. He only provides an example of the last paradox using the case of criminality and state expenses in Western Germany from 1965 to 1985 (35). Janiche makes a useful comparative public policy contribution by applying the previous ideas in the areas of public health, environmental protection, transport, energy and economic policies and tax expenditures. In view of the fact that the basic incapability of the society to follow a humane industrial development is not a technical difficulty but a problem of power, the author suggests the elimination of the monopoly of power of industrial production through the reinforcement of powers of other groups and institutions that could potentially have balance effects . Among actions in favour of counterbalancing powers is the expansion of political responsibility to institutions that better represent more generalized interests, not just producers, and decentralization to local units of government within a more effective central or federal coordination. Janicke considers citizens capable of exploiting economic and environmental crises as opportunities to build these countervailing powers in society (134). The author mentions two major processes working in different directions that result in state failure. The first one is superindustrialism and the second is the tank syndrome. Superindustrialism is a phenomenon of the post war boom. The excessive level of industrialization increased the demand for state regulation. On the other hand, the tank syndrome has to do with a late reaction of the hierarchized state centres that because of their rigid power structures failed to respond to crises arisen on time and efficiently (111). This book review will be concluded after mentioning two points; the application of state failure theory in scientific socialism and the political science as a realistic analysis. Janicke throughout his book has used a western framework to locate his argumentation. He particularly used examples of Western Germany (and Japan as well) to illustrate state failure. In the penultimate chapter he changes the reasearh framework by introducing the communist variant. Eastern Europe consists an extreme example of the consequences brought by industrialism but the author is fully aware of this case. He underlines the difference between the western and eastern states cases arguing that in the latter bureaucracy was before industry and sometimes it was bureaucracy that generated industry (129). Last but not least, the author makes his methodological choice clear. After referring to the difficulties that political science faces because of the abstractness of its subject matter (137) and the distinction between the realistic and the idealistic approach, he brings upon the subject of realistic analysis. He used this method to locate the problem of politics in industrial society. He took a wide and comparative approach in order to examine the regulatory governmental failure. However, some key points still remain confusing for the reader. It would be very interesting if the author could provide some answers on the actual way crises can be utilized politically in order for rigid centralized power to be surmounted. He could also use some extra empirical data that could enforce his theories and leave the reader totally convinced. The mqjor contribution of the book reviewed above State Failure, The Impotence of politics in Industrial Society in the state theories field lies in its proposed solution. The solution to the economic standstill lies upon the redefinition of power relationships rather than a technical approach. This book can have a critical value for those interested in a variety of fields, from comparative public policy to comparative political economy and environmental policy.

Anglicisms: Evolution and Degradation Essay

In linguistics, there are two main standpoints when it comes to language changes: evolution and degradation. Evolution supporters see any changes in the language as a natural progression which cannot be stopped. Borrowing from English into Russian is one of progressive parts. However, what we are seeing now in modern Russian is the language being flooded with Anglicisms (a word borrowed from English into another language) via mass media, the Internet, and marketing industry. We want to understand the reasons of such a great flow of Anglicisms in our language First: The emergence of new terminology (computer language, economics, the Internet): due to the rapid development and diffusion of information technology in everyday life, many items that require name: e-mail, laptop, byte, site have appeared. It’s easier to use the existing words of another language than to invent new ones. 2) Borrowings for certain reasons (easier to pronounce, shorter) replaced the previously undeveloped or native Russian language units, such as the price (instead of preckurant), image (instead of obraz) Of course, another point must be a tribute to fashion: the knowledge of English language is considered highly prestigious. And often people use Anglicisms in order to look fashionable thus: presentation, rating, talk shows. 4) The expressiveness of novelty: many firms and companies use Anglicisms as a name to highlight the novelty of sound. — Spheres– As you know, foreign words are one of the major sources of the young people’s language, particularly youth slang. The USA and Great Britain are increasingly becoming the center of attractive goods, especially in the minds of Russian young people. Anglicisms have become a sort of a fashionable hobby; due to it stereotypes and ideals are created by youth society. Adding in the speech English borrowings, teens in some way are attached to American culture and lifestyle. With the advent of social networks there has emerged a certain group of words that people, especially teenagers, are using to communicate. We have analyzed the vocabulary employed in one popular social network. Needless to say, there are words like ok, hi, yes, no, like, thanks, sorry, which are related to the social sphere. Did you know that â€Å"ok† is the most popular word in our world? It was first used as a joke in the Boston Morning Post on March 23, 1839, a shortening of the phrase â€Å"oll korrect,† itself an incorrect spelling of â€Å"all correct.† The joke should have run its course, and OK should have been forgotten but we have been using it every day till now. Conclusion Through this research, we came to the conclusion that the process of borrowing from English into Russian amplified now, because the English language is the basis of a much professional language and as the new Latin of XX century, is widely used in the youth slang. On the one hand, this process is inevitable, but on the other, the cultural basis of any language must be preserved. So, we guess that Anglicisms must meet the following requirements: any borrowing must be necessary, if you can’t find the word in the Russian language, foreign words should be used correctly and accurately in the sense that it has in the original language, it should be clear to those who use it.

Changing Views on Homosexuality

If you live in a metropolitan city like Atlanta, as I do, you may notice that the gay culture is mixed in with the rest of the multi-cultural happenings of the city. Having a large gay community is just another unique feature to Atlanta, GA. Although other cities may not have as large a grouping, the gay community is growing across the states. Men and women are feeling more open to express their homosexual lifestyle and this is in part due to the changing views of sexual behavior and homosexuality. Homosexual behavior is defined as sexual behavior with a member of one’s own sex (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Prior to the 1970s, homosexuality was considered to be a diagnosable psychiatric disorder and was listed in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Homosexuality was viewed almost as a disease that people needed to be cured of. Research revealed that homosexual men and women did not differ in psychological adjustment from heterosexual men and women (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). There has been the debate of whether a person is born gay or if homosexuality is a learned behavior. In my opinion, I believe that a person is born gay and does not chose or learn this sexual behavior from others. I’ve witnessed a relative grow up and noticed behavior as child that suggested he may be gay. As an adult, he informed the family that he is in fact gay. This came as a shock to no one and when asked when he knew he was gay, he stated that he knew all along. It is thought that if people no longer viewed homosexuality as a behavior that people chose to partake in, that less emphasis would be placed on trying to â€Å"cure† homosexuality. Dr. Glenn Wilson and Dr. Qazi Rahman, authors of the book Born Gay, state that there is no single gay gene, but genes do contribute and consider the effect of sex hormones to which fetuses are exposed in the womb (Ahuja, 2005). Wilson and Rahman feel that sexual orientation is fixed at birth and that any evidence-based scientist would agree (Ahuja, 2005). With more people understanding that sexual orientation is innate rather than learned, viewpoints on homosexuality are shifting. Our society is slowly becoming more accepting and placing less of a stigma on homosexual behavior. In the past there were no rights for gays wanting to marry, but now gays in Massachusetts can legally marry. In Vermont and other parts of the world, gay men and women now have the right to enter into legal partnerships that give them some of the same protections and responsibilities of marriage (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Past opinion polls have resulted in some Americans saying that gays cannot be considered good role models for children (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Some people have thought that a child’s sexual orientation could be affected if the child had gay or lesbian parents. Research on child adjustment in homosexual households provided results that did not differ from children raised by heterosexual parents (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Dr. Ellen C. Perrin feels that children raised by gay or lesbian couples do just as well as children raised as by heterosexual couples. â€Å"In some ways children of same-sex parents actually may have advantages over other family structures†, says Perrin (Chang, 2005). Studies conducted on homosexual couples show that lesbian couples share household responsibilities equally and that children adjust better when there is an equal division of labor (Chang, 2005). Raising healthy, well-adjusted children and understanding that homosexuality is an innate behavior are just two examples of why attitudes towards homosexuality are changing. Although there is still room for improvement in terms of accepting gay culture, strides are being made compared to earlier attitudes. To me the most significant change is understanding that homosexuality is not a disorder, it represents a person’s sexual orientation. References http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20051012/study-same-sex-parents-raise-well-adjusted-kids

Child Euthanasia in Belguim - 779 Words

In February, Belgium became the first country in the world to extend its euthanasia laws to children. Lawmakers passed a bill allowing euthanasia in rare cases of terminally ill children. Euthanasia is a controversial topic on its own because it can be seen as accepting that some lives are worth less than others and because it may not always be in the person’s best interest. (BBC) The issue is especially controversial in children because their autonomy is questionable. I will argue that extending euthanasia to children is ethically wrong because these individuals are not autonomous and the act of child euthanasia violates the principle of non-maleficence. (McDonald-Gibson 1) Children, along with elders with dementia, people with severe disabilities, and those in an unconscious or vegetative state are not treated as autonomous individuals in the medical world. The principle of autonomy can be defined as â€Å"giving[ing] rational, competent persons the right to make medical decisions that affect their own lives†¦because individuals know their own values, beliefs, and preferences. (Parks 217) Children are not considered autonomous because they are not able to fully understand what is going on and, therefore, cannot give educated and informed consent. Children look up to their parents. If a mother or father brings the idea of euthanasia to the child, they will be â€Å"loading a gun.† The child may question if euthanasia is what their parents want for them and may assume by implication